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EBS 262 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TEACHING IN BASIC SCHOOLS
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The Conceptual Computer
Learning Outcomes:
The Computer Hardware
Input Units
Keyboard
Pointing Devices
The Mouse
The computer mouse is a pointing tool used with microcomputers.
Types of computer mouse
Trackball
Touch pad
A touch pad is a small, flat surface over which you slide your finger, using the same movements as you would with a mouse.
Touch pads are most often found on laptop computers, but freestanding touch pads are available for use with PCs
Other types of pointing devices
Touch Screen, Joystick and Wheel, Stylus, Digitizer
Scanning and Reading Devices
Scanners, or optical scanners are input units that use light-sensing to translate images of text, drawings, photos and others into digital form.
Bar-code readers
Bar-code readers are photoelectric (optical) scanners that translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code. They are usually used in Point of Sale (POS) systems.
Audio and Video Input Devices
Microphones are audio input devices that take varying air pressure waves created by voice or other sound sources and convert them into varying electric signals.
These programs let you accomplish two tasks: turn spoken dictation into typed text and issue oral commands (such as “Print file” or “Change font”) to control your computer
Digital Camera
A digital camera uses a light-sensitive processor chip to capture photographic images in digital form and store them on flash memory cards
Other types of Video Input Devices
Output Units
Types of Output
There are two types of computer output. They are hard copy and soft copy.
Hard copy: This refers to the printed output.
Soft copy: It is the output which is displayed in an electronic format as text, video and audio.
Examples of Output Units
Display Screens/ Monitors
The monitor is the component (output unit) that displays the visual output from your computer as generated by the video card.
Types of monitors
Monitors come in two forms. They are
Flat Panel Monitors
CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) Monitors
A CRT is a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal.

Flat Panel Monitors
LCD Projector
An LCD projector is used for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface.
Printers
A printer is an output unit that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hard copy medium.
Classification of Printers
Impact Printers
The most common forms of impact printers are Dot-matrix printers, Line printers, Daisy-wheel printers, Drum printers, Band printers, Chain printers
Non Impact Printers
Two types of non impact printers often used with microcomputers are laser printers and inkjet printers. Other examples include: Solid Ink, Thermal Wax Transfer and Dye Sublimation printers.
Sound Output
System Unit
The system unit houses the motherboard (including the processor chip and memory chips), the power supply, storage devices and other devices.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Control Unit
The control unit deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU and then carries out the instruction.
For every instruction, the control unit carries out four basic operations, known as the machine cycle.
In the machine cycle, the CPU (1) fetches an instruction, (2) decodes the instruction, (3) executes the instruction, and (4) stores the result.
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
Registers
The control unit and the ALU also use registers, special CPU areas that enhance the computer’s performance. Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily store data during processing.
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer to keep running for at least a short time when the primary power source is lost. UPS devices also provide protection from power surges.
The Memory: RAM and ROM
ROM: Read-Only Memory
RAM: Random Access Memory
Ports & Cables
A port is a connecting socket or jack on the outside of the system unit into which different kinds of cables are plugged.
Dedicated Ports – For Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Audio, & Modem
Secondary Storage Devices
The most common type of secondary storage device, which nearly all computers have, is a hard drive.
The computer’s primary hard drive stores the operating system, applications, files and folders for users of the computer.
Types of Secondary Storage
Floppy Disks
A floppy disk is also called a diskette or simply a disk. It is a removable flat piece of Mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5-inch plastic case.
Optical Discs: CDs & DVDs
An optical disc is a removable disk, usually 4.75 inches in diameter and less than one-twentieth of an inch thick, on which data is written and read through the use of laser beams.
BLU-RAY
Magnetic Tape
The magnetic tape is thin plastic tape coated with a substance that can be magnetized.
Flash Memory Cards
Flash Memory Disk
A flash memory disk, also called a Pen drive, USB flash disk, key chain drive, or key drive, consists of a finger- size module of flash memory that plugs into the USB ports of PC or Macintosh. It has storage capacities up to 64 gigabytes, making the device extremely useful
Computer Software
What is Computer Software?
Software, or programs, consists of all the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.
Types of Software
System software
System software enables the application software to interact with the computer and helps the computer manage its internal and external resources.
System software includes the following:
1.Operating system
2.Device drivers
3.Utility software
4.Software Development Environment
5.Language Translators
Operating system
Objectives of Operating System
The objectives of the operating system are −
Device Drivers
Utility Software
Software Development Environment
Language Translators
Application Software
Application software consists of programs designed to perform specific tasks for users.
They can be used for the following purposes:
Categories of Application Software
Adaptive Technologies and Assistive Technologies
Examples of Assistive Technologies
Assistive Technologies
Adaptive Technologies
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